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|religion = |signature = |footnotes = }} Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa or Peter Kapitza (Russian Пётр Леони́дович Капи́ца) (〔(Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa ). Encyclopaedia Britannica〕 – 8 April 1984) was a leading Soviet physicist and Nobel laureate.〔(Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa: Official Nobel page ) – Good, fast coverage of highlights of his many innovations.〕〔(Annotated bibliography for Peter Kapitza ) from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues〕 ==Biography== Kapitsa was born in Kronstadt, Russian Empire to Leonid Petrovich Kapitsa who was from Volyn,Ukraine, a military engineer who constructed fortifications, and Olga Ieronimovna Kapitsa. Kapitsa's studies were interrupted by the First World War, in which he served as an ambulance driver for two years on the Polish front. He graduated from the Petrograd Polytechnical Institute in 1918. He subsequently studied in Britain, working for over ten years with Ernest Rutherford in the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge, and founding the influential Kapitza club. He was the first director (1930–34) of the Mond Laboratory in Cambridge. In the 1920s he originated techniques for creating ultrastrong magnetic fields by injecting high current for brief periods into specially constructed air-core electromagnets. In 1928 he discovered the linear dependence of resistivity on magnetic field for various metals in very strong magnetic fields. In 1934 Kapitsa returned to Russia to visit parents but was not allowed by Stalin's government to travel back to Great Britain. As his equipment for high magnetic field research remained in Cambridge (although later Ernest Rutherford negotiated with British government the possibility of shipping it to the USSR), he changed the direction of his research to low temperature research, beginning with a critical analysis of the existing methods for obtaining low temperatures. In 1934 he developed new and original apparatus (based on the adiabatic principle) for making significant quantities of liquid helium. Kapitsa formed the Institute for Physical Problems, in part using equipment which the Soviet government bought from the Mond Laboratory in Cambridge (with the assistance of Rutherford, once it was clear that Kapitsa would not be permitted to return). In Russia, Kapitsa began a series of experiments to study liquid helium, leading to the discovery in 1937 of its superfluidity (not to be confused with superconductivity). He reported the properties of this new state of matter in a series of papers, for which he was later awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics "for basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics". In 1939 he developed a new method for liquefaction of air with a low-pressure cycle using a special high-efficiency expansion turbine. Consequently, during World War II he was assigned to head the Department of Oxygen Industry attached to the USSR Council of Ministers, where he developed his low-pressure expansion techniques for industrial purposes. He invented high power microwave generators (1950–1955) and discovered a new kind of continuous high pressure plasma discharge with electron temperatures over 1,000,000K. In November 1945, Kapitsa quarreled with Lavrentiy Beria, head of the NKVD and in charge of the Soviet project to develop an atomic bomb, writing to Joseph Stalin about Beria's ignorance of physics and his arrogance. Amazingly, Stalin backed Kapitsa, telling Beria he had to cooperate with the scientists. Kapitsa refused to meet Beria: "If you want to speak to me, then come to the Institute." Kapitsa refused to work with Beria even when Beria gave him a hunting rifle. Stalin offered to meet Kapitsa, but this never happened.〔Simon Sebag Montefiore, ''Young Stalin'', pp. 446–7〕 Immediately after the war, a group of prominent Soviet scientists (including Kapitsa in particular) lobbied the government to create a new technical university, the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. Kapitsa taught there for many years. From 1957, he was also a member of the presidium of the Soviet Academy of Sciences and at his death in 1984 was the only presidium member who was not also a member of the Communist Party.〔Graham, Loren R. 1994. ''Science in Russia and the Soviet Union: A Short History''. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-28789-8. p. 212〕 In 1978, Kapitsa won the Nobel Prize in Physics "for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics" and was also cited for his long term role as a leader in the development of this area. He shared the prize with Arno Allan Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson, who won for discovering the cosmic microwave background.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1978/press.html )〕 ''Kapitsa resistance'' is the thermal resistance (which causes a temperature discontinuity) at the interface between liquid helium and a solid. The ''Kapitsa–Dirac effect'' is a quantum mechanical effect consisting of the diffraction of electrons by a standing wave of light. In fluid dynamics, the ''Kapitza number'' is a dimensionless number characterizing the flow of thin films of fluid down an incline. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pyotr Kapitsa」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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